Networking Devices

MODEM: A modem is a device that converts digital signals into analog signals and vice-versa. For instance, the digital signal from a computer is converted into an analog signal, which can be transmitted through cables, and then converted back to digital for the computer to interpret.

ROUTER: As the name suggests, a router's purpose is to route data packets based on their IP addresses.

ISP(s): Internet Service Providers (ISPs) are the companies that provide internet access to users.

Did you know? The tier 1 ISP in India is TATA Communications, while the Tier 2 ISPs include BSNL and Airtel.

REPEATER: A repeater regenerates signals when they become too weak or corrupted. Essentially, it copies the same signal bit by bit and regenerates it to its original strength. It is a 2-port device.

HUB: A hub is basically a multiport repeater. The collision domain for all data packets and all connected hosts remains one.

TYPES OF HUBS:

1. ACTIVE HUB: These hubs have their own power supply and can clean, relay, and boost signals along with the network.

2. PASSIVE HUB: These hubs collect wiring from the active hub without cleaning or boosting the signal.

BRIDGE: A bridge operates at the data-link layer. It functions as a repeater with the added capability of filtering content by reading the MAC addresses of the source and the destination. There are two types of bridges:

1. Transparent bridge.

2. Source routing bridge.

SWITCH: A switch is a multiple-port bridge with a buffer and a design that boosts network efficiency and performance. A large number of ports implies less traffic. It also serves as a data-link layer device, filtering and performing error checks before forwarding the data.

GATEWAY: A gateway is a passage that connects two networks operating on different networking models. Also known as a Protocol Converter, it can work on any network.

BROUTER: A brouter, or bridging router, combines the functionalities of both a router and a bridge. It is capable of routing data as well as filtering local area network traffic.