How to Use Conditional Statements in C#: If, Switch, and More Explained with Example Code

Being able to update variables, call particular branches of code, or simply output different code based on a certain condition is a vital part of programming in any language.

C# (C Sharp) offers multiple ways to do these things, and I’m about to show you some of the most common ones. We’ll discuss the pros and cons of each method, and which ones are more suited for particular scenarios.

Table of Contents

• What You Will Learn In This Article

• If / Else if / Else Statements

• Replacing If / Else with Ternary Operator

• Switch Case Statements

• Switch Statements - Expression Syntax

• Performance Summary

• Conclusion

What You Will Learn In This Article

I will teach you all about the following conditional coding mechanisms within C#.

• If / Else If / Else statements

• Ternary statements

• Switch-Case statements

• Analysing performance of conditional coding options

Pre-requisites:

• Very basic knowledge of the C# coding language

• Coding IDE (to code along if you wish)

If / Else if / Else Statements

When first learning a new programming language, the If statement is a staple in any developer’s learning syllabus. It’s the easiest way in which you can conditionally route the flow of your code’s execution.

Let’s take a look at building up the complexity of the the If statement syntax. In its most basic form, you can use it as a simple if clause, meaning the code within the if block will only be executed if a condition is met.

Example:

// For the demo we're using a hard coded age.
int age = 22;

//check person is of legal age in the UK
if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(age) && age >= 18)
{
   // If true, run the following code
   AllowAccessToNightClub();
}

Going one step further, if we wanted to carry out some code where the statement results in false, we can do that using an if / else statement like so:

var ageLimit = 18;
var customersAge = 17

if(customersAge >= ageLimit){
{   
    AllowAccessToTheClub();
} else{
    // Deny Access
    DenyAccess();
    // we can also nest if statements
    // if the customer doesn't leave call the Police!
    if(!CustomerLeaves()){
        CallThePolice();
    };
}

The above example illustrates how you can use if / else statements to control your flow of code. You’ve seen how you can handle specific scenarios with nested statements, allowing you to check future outcomes.

In the above code, we are checking if CustomerLeaves() returns a true or false value, and depending on the outcome, we see whether we need to CallThePolice() or not.

For situations where you want to check more than one condition before defaulting to else, you can use the if / else if / else syntax. Let's see how it works:

int age = 17;

if(age >= 18){
    Console.WriteLine("You can drink alcohol in the UK");
    Console.WriteLine("You can vote in the UK");
    Console.WriteLine("You can get a tattoo");
} else if(age >= 16 && age < 18){
    Console.WriteLine("You can join the royal forces in the UK");
} else{
   Console.WriteLine("Stay in School!");
}

The example above uses if / else if / else to display different text based on which condition is met. Only one block will ever run, as you can only match a single condition with this syntax.

Let’s say you wanted to build a stringup based on multiple conditions, but you wanted all conditions to be checked individually. In that case, you could utilise multiple if statements to accomplish this. Be aware, though, that this can make your code less performant and harder to read.

using System.Text;

int age = 20;
bool hasDrivingLicense = true;
bool hasVoterID = false;

var builder = new StringBuilder();

// Multiple independent if statements
if (age >= 18)
{
    builder.Append("You are an adult.");
}

if (hasDrivingLicense)
{
    builder.Append("You can drive.");
}

if (hasVoterID)
{
    builder.Append("You are eligible to vote.");
}

Console.WriteLine(builder.ToString());
Console.WriteLine(builder.ToString());
/* Output
You are an adult.You can drive.
*/

The above code demonstrates using multiple if statements instead of if, else if, else. This allows multiple conditions to be checked independently, so multiple code blocks can run if the conditions are met. This is useful when wanting to assign values to an object’s properties based on different criteria or independent conditions.

Replacing If / Else with Ternary Operator

If / Else statements are very useful, but sometimes they can take up a lot of space for really simple assignment code. The ternary operator is perfect for these situations. Its syntax uses ? and : to represent what happens if the condition is true or false, eliminating the need for brackets.

Here’s an example:

var backgroundColor = isDarkMode ? "black" : "white";

Explanation:

• backgroundColor: The variable being assigned.

• isDarkMode: A boolean condition being evaluated.

• ?: Marks the start of the ternary operator. If isDarkMode is true, the value after ? ("black") is assigned.

• :: Separates the true case from the false case. If isDarkMode is false, the value after : ("white") is assigned.

The ternary statement is shorthand for simple conditional assignments, making your code more compact. I would recommend using it for simple variable assignment or simple binary calling of functions (like call A or call B).

Here’s an example:

isLoggedIn ? ShowWelcomeMessage() : PromptLogin();

void ShowWelcomeMessage()
{
    Console.WriteLine("Welcome back, user!");
}

void PromptLogin()
{
    Console.WriteLine("Please log in to continue.");
}

Ternary operations can be nested also like so:

var isDarkMode = true;
var isAccessibilityActive = true;

var backgroundColor = isDarkMode ? isAccessibilityActive ? "green" : "black" : "white";

Console.WriteLine(backgroundColor);

The above example uses nested ternary operators to replace a nested if / else statement. Just keep in mind that the flow is different from a regular ternary operation. It would read like this:

IF isDarkMode is true, then check if isAccessibilityActive is true

IF isAccessibility is true, set the value to “green” otherwise return “black”

IF isDarkMode is false it will skip the inner checks, and return “white”;

I’d avoid using nested ternary operators where you can, as they’re messy and can be difficult to read.

Switch Case Statements

Switch case statements work by testing a variable (switch) against multiple possibilities (case).

string userRole = "Admin";

// check the user role against following criteria.
switch (userRole)
{
    case "Admin":
        Console.WriteLine("You have full access.");
        break;
    case "Moderator":
        Console.WriteLine("You can moderate content.");
        break;
    case "User":
        Console.WriteLine("You have limited access.");
        break;
    default:
        Console.WriteLine("Role not recognised.");
        break;
}

Note: the value and type of variable being evaluated must match. For example, you can’t compare a string with a integer (without casting / parsing first). If none of the cases match, the default block is executed, similar to the else in an if/else structure, usually used for a fallback case.

Why Use Switch-Case Over If Statement?

Readability: When handling multiple distinct values (like roles, commands, or enum types), switch is easier to read and maintain because it organises conditions more cleanly, without multiple if and else if blocks.

Performance: In some cases, switch statements can be more efficient than multiple if / else if blocks, especially when dealing with multiple possible values of a single variable. Some compilers optimise switch statements into lookup tables, improving performance

Scalability: When managing a long list of distinct options or conditions, a switch case scales better. Adding new cases is simpler and doesn't involve updating long chains of if / else if.

Clean Defaults: The default case provides a clear way to handle unrecognised or unexpected scenarios, similar to the else block in an if / else if statement, but it feels more naturally integrated with the switch structure. This can be handy for throwing exceptions, logging, and so on.

Switch Statements - Expression Syntax

There are times where you need slightly more complex conditions to be evaluated yet still wish to utilise the switch syntax. In this scenario you can utilise the switch expression syntax which was introduced in C# 8.

string userType = "VIP";
decimal purchaseAmount = 500m;

decimal discount = userType switch
{
    "Regular" when purchaseAmount < 100 => 0.05m,  
    "Regular" => 0.10m,  
    "VIP" when purchaseAmount < 500 => 0.15m,  
    "VIP" => 0.20m,  
    "Employee" => 0.25m,  
    _ => 0m 
};

Console.WriteLine($"Your discount is: {discount * 100}%");

This syntax is great when needing to assign a value to the outcome of the case.

• userType switch { ... }: a switch expression that returns a value (in this case, the discount) based on the userType and optional conditions (like purchaseAmount).

• The when clause allows for more complex conditions, such as checking the purchaseAmount in addition to the userType to alter the discount amount.

Default Case / Fallback

The default case in this syntax uses the _ character. In our example, if none of the above cases are met, the default case is met and we return 0m (no discount).

Benefits of Switch Expressions Over Conventional switch Statements:

Concise and Readable: The switch expression is more compact and readable, especially when returning values directly based on conditions, without needing to declare variables or use break statements.

Pattern Matching: It supports pattern matching (when), making it easier to add complex conditions to each case, something that would require more verbose if checks in a traditional switch statement.

Returns a Value: The switch expression is an expression that directly returns a value, making it ideal for assignments or inline use, reducing boilerplate code. Below, you’ll find an example using a switch expression as the return value in a method without assigning it to a variable.

Simplifies Complex Logic: It's excellent for scenarios like this one, where multiple conditions affect the outcome, handling them concisely without deeply nested if / else if blocks.

decimal CalculateDiscount(string userType, decimal purchaseAmount) =>
    userType switch
    {
        "Regular" when purchaseAmount < 100 => 0.05m,
        "Regular" => 0.10m,
        "VIP" when purchaseAmount < 500 => 0.15m,
        "VIP" => 0.20m,
        "Employee" => 0.25m,
        _ => 0m
    };

// Usage
decimal discount = CalculateDiscount("VIP", 500m);
Console.WriteLine($"Your discount is: {discount * 100}%");

Performance Summary

To help you decide, here are is a quick Benchmarking project (using BenchmarkDotNet package, which you can install with dotnet add package BenchmarkDotnet):

using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
using BenchmarkDotNet.Order;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace Csharp_Console_Playground
{
    [MemoryDiagnoser]
    [Orderer(SummaryOrderPolicy.FastestToSlowest)]
    public class BenchMarkRunner
    {
        private static readonly Dictionary<int, string> RankingMessages = new()
        {
            { 0, "Do not stay in this hotel" },
            { 1, "It's cheap and cheerful" },
            { 2, "It's clean and tidy" },
            { 3, "In the middle hotel, good service and great amenities" },
            { 4, "It's a nice hotel, but the price is not too high" },
            { 5, "It's the best hotel in the area" }
        };

        private int ranking = 5;

        [Benchmark]
        public string BenchMarkIfElse()
        {
            var winningMessage = "";

            if (ranking == 0)
            {
                winningMessage = "Do not stay in this hotel";
            }
            else if (ranking == 1)
            {
                winningMessage = "It's cheap and cheerful";
            }
            else if (ranking == 2)
            {
                winningMessage = "It's clean and tidy";
            }
            else if (ranking == 3)
            {
                winningMessage = "In the middle hotel, good service and great amenities";
            }
            else if (ranking == 4)
            {
                winningMessage = "It's a nice hotel, but the price is not too high";
            }
            else if (ranking == 5)
            {
                winningMessage = "It's the best hotel in the area";
            }

            return winningMessage;
        }

        [Benchmark]
        public string BenchMarkSwitchCaseExpression()
        {
            var winningMessage = ranking switch
            {
                0 => "Do not stay in this hotel",
                1 => "It's cheap and cheerful",
                2 => "It's clean and tidy",
                3 => "In the middle hotel, good service and great amenities",
                4 => "It's a nice hotel, but the price is not too high",
                5 => "It's the best hotel in the area",
                _ => ""
            };

            return winningMessage;
        }

        [Benchmark]
        public string BenchMarkSwitchCase()
        {
            var winningMessage = "";
            switch (ranking)
            {
                case 0:
                    winningMessage = "Do not stay in this hotel";
                    break;
                case 1:
                    winningMessage = "It's cheap and cheerful";
                    break;
                case 2:
                    winningMessage = "It's clean and tidy";
                    break;
                case 3:
                    winningMessage = "In the middle hotel, good service and great amenities";
                    break;
                case 4:
                    winningMessage = "It's a nice hotel, but the price is not too high";
                    break;
                case 5:
                    winningMessage = "It's the best hotel in the area";
                    break;
                default:
                    winningMessage = "Invalid ranking";
                    break;
            }

            return winningMessage;
        }

        [Benchmark]
        public string? BenchMarkDictionary()
        {
            return RankingMessages.TryGetValue(ranking, out var rankingMessage) ? rankingMessage : null;
        }
    }
}

You can then run these tests in your Program.cs:

using BenchmarkDotNet.Running;
using Csharp_Console_Playground;

BenchmarkRunner.Run<BenchMarkRunner>();

Make sure you use your Release build profile in order to run the benchmarks.

 dotnet build -c Release

then execute dotnet on your build location, for example:

dotnet bin/Release/net8.0/FCC-Conditions.dll

Results:

switch statements can be faster than dictionaries because the compiler helps optimise them. When the compiler sees a switch, it can create a special lookup table (jump table, or binary search tree) that allows it to find the right case quickly, especially when the cases are close together (like numbers 1, 2, and 3). This means it can check the value almost instantly.

The reason the dictionary is the slowest is due to memory allocation. Within our bench mark test, we needed to create an in-memory variable for the dictionary to be created and stored (time consuming), and then retrieval also needs to be carried out when doing the lookup.

Switch-Case Expressions:

Compile-Time Optimisation: Switch cases are typically optimised at compile-time (when you build your code). The compiler analyses the possible case values and generates efficient machine code to handle them. Depending on the cases, this could be via jump tables, or branching / binary search mechanisms.

Since this is all done during compilation, the switch statement has no additional overhead at runtime beyond what the compiler has set up.

Dictionaries:

Runtime Construction: In contrast, a dictionary (for example, Dictionary<TKey, TValue> in C#) is built at runtime. The dictionary uses a hash table under the hood, where keys are hashed to generate an index that maps to a value. Here’s the key difference:

• Hash Function: When you add a key to a dictionary, the hash function is applied to the key to determine where the value should be stored.

• Collision Handling: If two keys happen to have the same hash (a "collision"), the dictionary has to resolve it (usually by chaining or probing), which can introduce some additional overhead.

Since dictionaries are built and modified at runtime, they have to perform these operations dynamically, which adds more overhead compared to the static structure of switch cases.

Conclusion

Understanding how to control the flow of your code through conditional logic is a foundational skill in programming, and C# offers various tools to achieve this. Whether you're using if/else statements for simple conditions, the ternary operator for concise assignments, or switch statements for complex logic, each approach has its strengths and ideal use cases.

Switch statements provide clarity and performance optimisations, especially when handling multiple conditions. On the other hand, dictionaries offer flexibility but come with a runtime overhead. Knowing when to use each method allows you to write more efficient, readable, and maintainable code tailored to specific scenarios.

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