Writing Effective Rewrites in Nginx and Tomcat

Source: Writing Effective Rewrites in Nginx and Tomcat

1. Rewrites in Nginx

Nginx, known for its high performance and flexibility, uses rewrite rules to modify requests and responses based on specified conditions. Here’s how to implement rewrites in Nginx:

1.1 Basic Rewrite Rule

The simplest form of rewrite rule in Nginx is used to change the URL structure without redirecting the user.

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;

    location /oldpath {
        rewrite ^/oldpath/(.*)$ /newpath/$1 permanent;
    }

    location /newpath {
        # Configuration for the new path
    }
}

rewrite ^/oldpath/(.*)$ /newpath/$1 permanent;: This line tells Nginx to redirect requests from /oldpath to /newpath while preserving the rest of the URL path. The permanent keyword specifies a 301 redirect.

1.2 Conditional Rewrites

You might want to apply rewrites based on specific conditions, such as the user's location or request headers.

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;

    location / {
        if ($http_user_agent ~ "Mobile") {
            rewrite ^/desktop/(.)$ /mobile/$1 break;
        }
    }
}

if ($http_user_agent ~* "Mobile"): This condition checks if the user agent contains "Mobile."

rewrite ^/desktop/(.*)$ /mobile/$1 break;: Rewrites requests from /desktop to /mobile for mobile users.

1.3 Testing Rewrites

To test your Nginx rewrite rules, use the following command to check for syntax errors:

nginx -t

Reload Nginx to apply the changes:

systemctl reload nginx

2. Rewrites in Tomcat

Tomcat, a widely used Java servlet container, also supports URL rewriting, though it requires different configurations compared to Nginx. The main approach is through the web.xml file or using the Tomcat rewrite valve.

2.1 Configuring URL Rewrites with web.xml

You can use Tomcat's web.xml to define URL patterns and map them to servlets.

<servlet>
    <servlet-name>MyServlet</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>com.example.MyServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>MyServlet</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/newpath/</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

<filter>
    <filter-name>RewriteFilter</filter-name>
    <filter-class>org.apache.catalina.filters.RewriteFilter</filter-class>
</filter>

<filter-mapping>
    <filter-name>RewriteFilter</filter-name>
    <url-pattern>/oldpath/</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>

Explanation:

Define a servlet and map it to a URL pattern.
Use a rewrite filter to apply the rules to incoming requests.

2.2 Using Tomcat's Rewrite Valve

Tomcat’s rewrite valve provides more advanced rewrite capabilities.

Example: Add the following configuration in server.xml:

<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.valves.RewriteValve" />

Rewrite rules can then be defined in a separate rewrite.config file:

RewriteRule ^/oldpath/(.*)$ /newpath/$1 [R=301,L]

RewriteRule ^/oldpath/(.*)$ /newpath/$1 [R=301,L]: This rule performs a 301 redirect from /oldpath to /newpath.

2.3 Testing Rewrites

Restart Tomcat to apply the new configuration:

systemctl restart tomcat

3. Conclusion

Understanding and implementing rewrites in both Nginx and Tomcat can significantly enhance your web server's functionality and user experience. By following the techniques outlined in this guide, you can effectively manage URL redirections and ensure that your web server handles requests as intended.

If you have any questions or need further clarification, feel free to leave a comment below!