More Classes vs. More Functions: The Eternal Developer Dilemma

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If you've been coding long enough, you've probably faced this classic dilemma: Should I create more classes or just add more functions in an existing class? It’s like deciding between keeping everything in one big suitcase or neatly organizing stuff into multiple smaller bags.

Neither approach is inherently wrong, but choosing the right one can make your code scalable, maintainable, and readable. So, let’s break it down and understand when to go class-heavy and when to stick to functions.

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🚀 The Case for More Classes

When to Use More Classes?

1. When You Have Distinct Entities 🏗️

   • If your logic can be broken into separate responsibilities, use different classes.

   • Example: A UserService class handling authentication should be separate from an OrderService handling orders.

2. Reusability Across Multiple Modules 🔄

   • If the logic needs to be reused across multiple flows, it makes sense to encapsulate it in a separate class.

   • Example: A PaymentProcessor class that multiple checkout systems use.

3. Encapsulation & Data Hiding 🔒

   • More classes mean better separation of concerns.

   • Example: A DatabaseConnector should not expose direct SQL queries in an unrelated OrderProcessing class.

4. Scalability & Maintainability 🔧

   • If functionality is expected to grow significantly, keeping it in separate classes prevents a massive God-class.

   • Example: A NotificationService class can later expand to support SMS, Email, and Push notifications without cluttering another class.

Example: More Classes Approach

public class InternalOrderService {
    public Response placeOrderInternal(String productId, int quantity, String warehouseId, String authToken) {
        return RestAssured.given()
                .header("Authorization", "Bearer " + authToken)
                .post("/internal/orders/place");
    }
}

public class B2COrderService {
    public Response placeOrderB2C(String productId, int quantity, String authToken) {
        return RestAssured.given()
                .header("Authorization", "Bearer " + authToken)
                .post("/b2c/orders/place");
    }
}

✅ Pros:

• Clear separation of internal and external logic.

• Easier to debug and extend.

• Avoids bloated classes.

❌ Cons:

• More files to manage.

• Might feel over-engineered for small applications.

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🤔 The Case for More Functions in Fewer Classes

When to Use More Functions?

1. When the Functionality is Closely Related 🔗

   • If all functions logically belong together, putting them in the same class makes sense.

   • Example: MathUtils having functions for addition, subtraction, and multiplication.

2. If the Class Has a Single Responsibility 🎯

   • If a class is designed to handle a specific task, it should contain all related methods.

   • Example: FileHandler class with readFile(), writeFile(), and deleteFile().

3. Avoiding Class Explosion 💥

   • Overuse of classes can lead to unnecessary complexity.

   • Example: Instead of separate UserLogin, UserLogout, and UserSession classes, a single UserAuth class may be more practical.

Example: More Functions in One Class Approach

public class OrderPlacementUtils {
    public static Response placeOrderInternal(String productId, int quantity, String warehouseId, String authToken) {
        return RestAssured.given()
                .header("Authorization", "Bearer " + authToken)
                .post("/internal/orders/place");
    }

    public static Response placeOrderB2C(String productId, int quantity, String authToken) {
        return RestAssured.given()
                .header("Authorization", "Bearer " + authToken)
                .post("/b2c/orders/place");
    }
}

✅ Pros:

• Easier to manage fewer files.

• Quicker to implement simple functionalities.

• Reduces over-engineering.

❌ Cons:

• Can become bloated over time.

• Harder to refactor if more logic is added later.

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⚖️ The Middle Ground: A Balanced Approach

A pragmatic approach is to start with functions inside a class and split into multiple classes only when necessary. Here’s a good rule of thumb:

✅ Use one class with functions if:

• The logic is simple and closely related.

• The number of functions is less than 5-6.

✅ Create separate classes if:

• The logic is becoming too large (> 300-400 lines of code).

• Different entities are getting mixed.

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🎯 The Final Verdict

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🎉 Conclusion: Choose Wisely!

Ultimately, there’s no universal right answer. The best approach depends on your project’s needs:

• Start with functions inside a class for simplicity.

• Refactor into multiple classes as complexity increases.

• Follow the Single Responsibility Principle (SRP) to decide when to split.

Every project is different, but with a little foresight, you can strike the perfect balance between maintainability and simplicity. 🚀

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💡 What do you think? Do you prefer breaking things into multiple classes or keeping things together in one big class? Let’s discuss in the comments! 👇