The most common definition of Linux - “Linux is a family of Open Source UNIX-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel”.

Too many new terms! Right? Let’s understand them one by one.

Open Source - Does it mean free?

Most people think that Open Source means free (not paid). But that’s not how it is. Every day, we use a large number of software services. Many of them are free to use, while some of them are paid. So does that mean all free software are open source, and paid ones are closed source? No, that’s not true. These terms are not just related to the pricing, but to the licensing, that define the usage, modification and distribution rights of the software.

What is UNIX?

UNIX is multi-user computer operating system, developed by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson in 1969. In late 20th century, it was widely used for internet servers and workstations. It was quite popular then. But what made it so special?

Before UNIX, most OSes were written for specific hardware.
UNIX was the first general-purpose OS that could run on different machines.
It introduced ideas that became the foundation of modern operating systems (file-systems, permissions, user management, piping commands, etc.).

Kernel - An important part of OS

Kernel is the core component of of an operating system. It is a very special software that acts like a bridge between the hardware and software. It is the manager of all system resources.

Journey from UNIX to Linux

Characteristics of UNIX-like systems

File System Hierarchy: Everything is a file. Devices, processes, and configurations are treated as files.
Rooted File System: All files and folders start from a single root (`/`), unlike Windows which uses different drive letters.
Terminal Based Administration: Designed to be controlled from the terminal, making it very powerful for users and developers. Check linux commands here.
Permission Based Security: Every file/folder has read/write/execute (rwx) rules that define who can access what, improving security.
POSIX Compliance: Software/scripts written for one POSIX system will work on another without major changes. It means if Linux and MacOS are POSIX-compliant, then a shell script written for one will also run fine on the other — as long as it uses only POSIX-standard tools and syntax.

Comparison of UNIX-like characteristics

Linux and MacOS are both Unix-like systems, sharing common traits like POSIX compliance, powerful command-line interfaces, and a modular structure, making them developer-friendly and customizable.
Windows, on the other hand, is built on a different architectural foundation and offers less flexibility, especially for developers, with a more closed and proprietary system.

Hence, Linux and MacOS are more preferred by tech-savvy users, developers, and those seeking control, while Windows still dominates the consumer desktop market due to its software compatibility and user-friendliness.

Linux Distributions (or Distros)

Linux is not an OS, but it refers to the kernel. The systems that uses this Linux kernel and implement various packages and tools on the top of it are known as Linux Distributions. Some common examples are, Ubuntu, Fedora, CentOS, etc. Every distro has their own use-cases, based upon what they offer.

Which distro to use as a beginner?

It is totally a personal choice. Different people have different opinion choosing distros. For a beginner choosing a distro might get confusing and stressful. So, just pick any beginner-friendly OS like Ubuntu. It's a very popular and widely used distribution, known for its ease of installation, intuitive user interface, and large community, making it easy to find help and resources.

Conclusion

Linux is more than just an alternative operating system. It's a community-driven, open-source project that emphasizes freedom, security, and flexibility. It all started with UNIX, and over time, Linux has evolved to become one of the most reliable and customizable operating systems available today.

When compared to Windows and MacOS, Linux stands out in its ability to be tailored to specific needs. While Windows is great for gaming and everyday use, and MacOS is perfect for those who love Apple’s design and ecosystem, Linux offers something unique: a completely open and free system that you can modify and use however you like.

Exploring Linux: Its Origins, Why It’s Different, and How It Compares to Windows and macOS.

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