The Basics of Immunochemistry: Everything You Need to Know

IMMUNOCHEMISTRY

Table of contents:

Immunology

Immune system

Immune response

Immunity

Types of immunity

Details on types of immunity

Humoral and Cell mediated immunity

Cell potency

Antibodies secretions and cell tagging

Immunochemistry is the branch of Biochemistry that deals with the study of how cells are constituent and component of what the cell uses to fight against infections and disease.

Immune system refers to the cell, and tissues that participated or are used by the body to fight against diseases.

Immune response is the response of the body to secrete the needed materials to fight against foreign invaders, diseases and infections.

Immunity is the ability of the body to fight against foreign invaders diseases or/and antigens

Types of immune response:

Inmate/ non memorable/ non specific immune response

Adaptive immune response/ memorable

Inmate immune response

To carve the definition of this is quite hard, there characteristics are:

They are non memorable i.e., they don't recall or remember or save the way they respond to the same infection last.

They are non specific in action

They are the first in line to attack foreign invaders in the body

Examples are monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, natural killer cells and phagocytes.

They are always in physical barriers eg adenoids and tonsils, skins and the stomach or pancreatic epithelial, nose cilia, mucus etc.

The inmates operate in two ways:

Phagocytosis: This is the engulfing of an invaders by a developed monocytes (phagocytes), into its body by the release of a chemical enzyme which makes it inactive while the phagocytes display an MHC1 with a glycoproteins- Antibody on it self. They help in the elimination of invaders.

Apoptosis: This is a cell death in which the cell tends to destroy itself due to some condition it's in. This process is usually aided by NK cells, through the secretions of granzymes or performances on the invaders or cell.

Adaptive immune response, Characteristics:

They are specific in action.

They only work when activated either by MHC 1, MHC II, or/and presence of antigens.

They are memorable.

They mainly deal with body fluid immunity systems and cell mediation.

They are responsible for the secretions of antibodies.

They are the main immunity response of the body.

They aid vaccination in living organisms.

It can be into humoral and cell mediated adaptive immunity.

The humoral immune response is mainly the secretion of antibodies by the Bone marrow into the body system. They are concerned with body fluid immune response. Examples of the B cell (Bone marrow cell). They have their traces from myeloid progenitors.

Cell mediated immune responses: These are immune responses that deal with the secretions of cell immunity response. Examples are the T cells (Thynus cells). They have their traces from lymphoid progenitors.

The T cells can be into 3:

T helper cell : these are cells that help in tagging or recognizing the APC brought to them and get tagged with MHC II, the will be brought to the B cell for distraction. They only serve as a medium of transport from the inmates to the B cell or from them in particular to the B cell, since they can also recognize invaders with MHC 1 with antigen. They help to detect them when an MHC1 with an antigen glycoproteins is present

T regulatory cell; This helps in the regulation of the T helper cell actions.

Cytotoxic T cells : These are cells that whenever antigens are detected, they are killed or destroyed by the secretions of cytotoxic materials on them, e.g. perforins, granzymes and cytokines. They carry out this through apoptosis. They help detect them when an MHC 1 with the presence of antigens with antibodies glycoproteins is present l.

How are the B cells, and the T cells are produced:

This is where the cell potency comes in,

Cell potency or a potent cell is defined as a cell that is yet to be specialized into a particular type ie a cell that's neutral with no properties, functions or structure and has the probability of bending 2 or more types of cell.

There are 4 types of potent cells:

Pluripotent

Totipotent

Unipotent

Multi potent

A pluripotent cell is a cell that's capable of specializing into any types of cell, mesoderm, endoderm, or/and ectoderm.

A multi potent cell is a cell that's capable to be specialized into body fluid cells, like erythrocytes, and other WBC

I don't know about Unipotent and totipotent

Now back to the formation of a B and T cells:

The pluripotent cell specialized and become a mesoderm. The mesoderm become specialized and form hematopoietic stem cell - HMC. This HMC evolved and specialized to become the myeloid and the progenitor. The myeloid secretes the bone marrow and therefore leads to the formation of the B cells. While the cells become the leucocytes which leads to the formation of the T cells. The T cells differentiate to form the T helper cell and T regulatory cell.

How are the Antibodies formed:

The antibodies are formed by the B cells. When an antigen(Foreign invader) is detected in the body through MHC1 from the T helper cell, this triggers the B cells. The B cell starts to replicate through the clonal expansion methods, this leads to the differentiation of the cell into 1. Plasma cell 2. The memory cell(which retains the original information from the cell before differentiation and the antibodies protein produced in respect to the antigens detected). The plasma cell attacks the antigens and

destroys it while the memory cell maintains the original state of the cell.