Loktak Lake: Jewel of Manipur’s Natural Heritage

Introduction Loktak Lake, nestled in Moirang in the north-eastern state of Manipur, India, is revered as the largest freshwater lake in the region. Beyond its sheer size, the lake is celebrated for its unique ecosystem and cultural significance. Dominating its surface are floating masses known as phumdis—a mesmerizing formation of vegetation, soil, and organic matter at various stages of decomposition. These phumdis resemble miniature islands, drifting serenely across the water and shaping the lake’s extraordinary character.

Not merely a natural spectacle, Loktak Lake sustains the region by supplying water for hydropower generation, irrigation, and drinking purposes. It also offers livelihood to a significant population of local fishermen, rooting itself deeply in the social fabric of Manipur.

Etymology & Origins The name "Loktak" is derived from the Meitei language. It combines two words: Lok, meaning "stream," and Tak, meaning "end." Thus, Loktak symbolically represents the final convergence of flowing waters—a poetic homage to its geography.

Geography of Loktak Lake

• Surface Area: 287 sq. km

• Catchment Area: 980 sq. km The lake is located in the southern expanse of Imphal Valley. Its terrain features open water interspersed with marshland, supporting varied habitats. Several tributaries of the Manipur River originate from the adjacent western hill ranges and flow into Loktak, fueling its rich ecological system.

Loktak is zoned into:

• Core Zone: A protected, non-development area (70 sq. km)

• Buffer Zone: The remaining parts, which support regulated activities

Zonal Distribution Loktak Lake’s diversity and human interaction pressures have prompted division into three broad zones:

1. Northern Zone

• Covers: From Nambol River to Phabakchao

• Rivers: Manipur, Yangoi, Nambol & Thongjaorok

• Activities: Phumdis here are annually burned (January–March) to prepare fish-and-paddy farms

2. Central Zone

• Covers: From west of Nambol River to Laphu Pat

• Features: Islands of Thanga, Karang & Ithing

• Notable for: Fisheries Centre at Takmu Pat

• Traditionally clear of phumdis, this zone now hosts artificially constructed ones (athaphums) to aid fishing

3. Southern Zone

• Linked to: Khuga River via Ungamel Channel

• Home to: Keibul Lamjao National Park the world’s only floating national park

• Ecological Significance: Sanctuary of the endangered Sangai deer, Manipur’s state animal

Biodiversity Bonanza Loktak Lake is a treasure trove of flora and fauna:

• Aquatic Plants: 233 species

• Birdlife: 57 water bird species, 14 wetland-associated species, and 28 migratory waterfowl

• Wildlife: 425 animal species, including:

  • Sangai (brow-antlered deer)

  • Sambhar

  • Barking deer

  • Indian python

The lake’s rich biodiversity underscores its status as an ecological haven not just regionally, but globally.

Environmental Challenges Despite its ecological prominence, Loktak Lake faces mounting threats:

• Development Impacts: The Ithai Barrage constructed for water resource management has disrupted natural flow and flooding patterns, leading to deterioration

• Catchment Degradation: Loss of vegetation in the surrounding hills causes siltation and sediment build-up

• Water Pollution: Nambul River delivers untreated sewage from Imphal into the lake, increasing nutrient load and triggering eutrophication degrading water quality and harming aquatic life

Restoring Loktak’s health demands concerted conservation efforts, community engagement, and sustainable management.

Getting There Planning a visit? Loktak Lake is accessible via:

• By Air: Imphal Airport (44 km away)

• By Road: A picturesque 39 km drive from Imphal city

Tourism here includes exploring floating islands, boat rides, bird watching, and cultural immersion with local fishers and villagers.

Conclusion Loktak Lake is far more than a geographical landmark—it is a lifeline, a cultural symbol, and an ecological marvel. With its floating phumdis, endangered Sangai, and captivating landscape, the lake offers a rare glimpse into the interwoven Tapestry of Nature and human existence. As pressures mount from pollution and development, preserving its beauty and biodiversity becomes all the more vital.

Whether you're an environmentalist, tourist, or simply a curious soul, Loktak Lake promises a journey through one of India's most enchanting freshwater treasures.