How Recommender Systems Work: From Basics to AI

If you've ever bought something on Amazon, watched a movie on Netflix, or scrolled through TikTok, you've already experienced recommender systems. But how do these systems actually work? And what’s behind the suggestions they give you?

In this article, I want to explain in a simple way how recommendation systems work — and how AI is taking them to the next level.

🤖 What Are Recommender Systems?

Recommender systems are algorithms designed to predict what you might like based on your previous behavior — like what you’ve watched, bought, or rated. They’re everywhere, often silently working in the background.

From “You might also like…” sections on ecommerce sites to personalized Google results, these systems try to answer one question:

“Out of everything I could show you, what’s most likely to interest you?”

👥 The Early Days: Collaborative Filtering

Before AI took over, one of the most widely used methods was collaborative filtering. The idea is simple: if people similar to you liked something, maybe you’ll like it too.

One common approach is item-item collaborative filtering:

It looks at what you’ve liked or rated positively.
Then it finds items similar to those.
If many people who liked item A also liked item B, then B is a good recommendation for someone who liked A.

The downside? It only works well if there's enough overlap between users and content. With sparse data or new items, the system struggles — this is known as the cold start problem.

📊 A Big Step Forward: Machine Learning

To overcome these limitations, machine learning came into play. One popular technique is matrix factorization.

In simple terms:

Each user and item is represented as a vector of numbers (called latent features).
These numbers reflect hidden preferences and attributes.
The algorithm predicts ratings by “filling in” the user-item matrix using optimization techniques like gradient descent.

This approach works well because it captures deeper relationships beyond surface-level data.

🚀 Today’s State-of-the-Art: Deep Learning & LLMs

Today, recommendation systems use deep neural networks, especially transformers. These models take time into account — what you watched yesterday matters more than what you watched a year ago.

But the real breakthrough is the use of Large Language Models (LLMs), like the ones behind ChatGPT.

Even though they weren’t built for recommendations, they can:

Generate suggestions from natural language conversations.
Recommend content that doesn’t exist yet — like creative prompts or questions.

This shifts the paradigm: from picking content to creating personalized experiences in real time.

🕵️ Invisible Recommendations

Sometimes recommendations are obvious (“You might like…”), but often they’re invisible. For example:

Two users searching the same keyword on Google may get different results.
That’s a form of hidden recommendation.

It’s not necessarily a bad thing, but it’s worth being aware: we’re being recommended things all the time — often without realizing it.

🧰 Practical Tips If You're Building One

If you’re thinking about building a recommender system, here are some real-world lessons — inspired by people like Rama Ramakrishnan (former VP Data Science at Salesforce):

Don’t over-engineer early: if you have just a few products, you probably don’t need a recommender system yet.
Start with something simple: just show the most popular items. It's surprisingly hard to beat.
Focus on measurement: a fancy model is useless if you can’t measure how well it performs.
Improve gradually: add complexity only when there’s a real need.

💡 Final Thoughts

Recommender systems are an invisible but essential part of our digital lives. From collaborative filtering to AI-generated content, the field keeps evolving fast. But the core lesson remains:

Start simple, measure well, and only scale complexity when it pays off.

Recommender Systems: How They Really Work (and Why They're Everywhere)

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